Educational Laboratory of Unit Operations
Purpose of the Unit Operations Laboratory: Familiarity with the operations and devices used in chemical and industrial production units.
1. Tray distillation tower
A tray tower with 9 cap trays has a shell-and-tube condenser and a reboiler that has 5 heaters with 3-phase electricity. It can be used in two methods: simple distillation and tray distillation for the separation of water and alcohol
First, we enter the initial feed with a certain alcoholic strength into the reboiler, set the device's electrical panel sensor to the set point of 100 degrees, and turn on the heaters. The number of heaters required can be selected depending on the required heat.
The steam path valves depending on whether we want to have simple distillation or tray distillation can be adjusted
2. Packed absorption tower
This device consists of a column filled with two parts filled with aluminum rushing rings along with a redistributor of the fillers to prevent the phenomenon of channeling. Equipped with a carbon dioxide capsule to absorb carbon dioxide in water.
By means of this device, the mass transfer operation of absorption is carried out on the surface of the fillers and the CO2 gas is removed from the air mixture and enters the liquid phase (water).
3. Packed distillation tower
For the discontinuous distillation and separation of water and alcohol
The tower is filled with aluminum rushing rings to create a contact surface, equipped with a shell-tube condenser and a reboiler with three heaters whose input power is three-phase.
Method of operation:
First, pour the input feed into the reboiler. Adjust and turn on the reboiler heater and set point, then open the condenser water input. The steam exiting the reboiler first enters the filled column, travels the length of the tower, enters the condenser at the top of the tower, and condenses in condensore. The resulting liquids then re-enter the tower in a complete reflux, travel the length of the tower, and enter the reboiler at the bottom of the tower.
The temperatures of the reboiler, the temperatures of top of the tower, the temperatures of water entering the condenser, and the temperatures of water leaving it can be measured. Thus, the amount of heat input, the heat load of the condenser, and the heat loss are obtained. With the temperature stabilized and as a result of reaching stable conditions, the liquid in the reboiler (the product at the bottom of the tower) and the liquid exiting the condenser (the product at the top of the tower) were sampled and their molar fractions were obtained. Through the McCabe method, the number of mass transfer stages and the length of the tower in the ideal state can be calculated.
4. Simple distillation apparatus and investigation of Rayleigh's relation
Glass apparatus for simple distillation of water-alcohol mixtures.
This glass apparatus has a primary feed tank equipped with a heater. At the top is a vertical tube-shell condenser. The vapors resulting from heating the feed enter the condenser, become liquid, and then enter the product collection container. With this apparatus, the Rayleigh integral relation can be investigated.
5. Liquid liquid extraction device
Consists of a packed column filled with Pall rings. With this device, propionic acid is separated from its mixture with trichloroethylene (organic phase). Water dissolves propionic acid in itself and separates it from the organic phase. Since water is insoluble in the organic phase, a two-phase liquid is created and the aqueous and organic phases are easily separated.
6. Liquid solid extraction device
The device has a vertical shell-and-tube condenser, a reboiler, and a chamber for placing soybeans for oil extraction.
The oil in soybeans is separated by pouring hexane solvent on the seeds.
The solvent used is hexane, which is first boiled inside the heater, evaporated, enters the condenser and becomes liquid, and after leaving the condenser, it is poured onto the crushed soybeans. The oil of the seeds is dissolved in hexane and returns to the reboiler with hexane. Repeating this process extracts soybean oil.
7. Rotary drying device
This device consists of a rotating cylindrical chamber into which wet seeds are poured and dried by blowing hot and dry air over it.
It includes a blower, heater, orifice meter, ....
The rotating cylindrical chamber is a drying chamber into which hot and hot air is introduced and the contents inside are dried. This chamber is driven by an electric motor. The incoming air is supplied through a blower and then heated by passing over an electric element, its flow rate is measured by an orifice meter and enters the dryer.
A certain weight of wheat is moistened and weighed again to determine the amount of water absorbed. Then it is placed in a dryer that has been prepared in advance by adjusting the air flow rate, turning on the heater, and adjusting the speed of the blades. The grains are dried to some extent inside the dryer and are removed from it. During the test, the transit time (the time it takes for a grain to travel the length of the dryer), feed rate (input feed flow rate), and hold up mass capacity of the device must be measured. After that, by reweighing the material removed from the dryer, the moisture content in the grains and the moisture removed from it can be obtained.
8. Ball mill
A rotating cylinder inside which are steel balls of different diameters.
This device is used to crush and powder materials.
1. Tray distillation tower
A tray tower with 9 cap trays has a shell-and-tube condenser and a reboiler that has 5 heaters with 3-phase electricity. It can be used in two methods: simple distillation and tray distillation for the separation of water and alcohol
First, we enter the initial feed with a certain alcoholic strength into the reboiler, set the device's electrical panel sensor to the set point of 100 degrees, and turn on the heaters. The number of heaters required can be selected depending on the required heat.
The steam path valves depending on whether we want to have simple distillation or tray distillation can be adjusted
2. Packed absorption tower
This device consists of a column filled with two parts filled with aluminum rushing rings along with a redistributor of the fillers to prevent the phenomenon of channeling. Equipped with a carbon dioxide capsule to absorb carbon dioxide in water.
By means of this device, the mass transfer operation of absorption is carried out on the surface of the fillers and the CO2 gas is removed from the air mixture and enters the liquid phase (water).
3. Packed distillation tower
For the discontinuous distillation and separation of water and alcohol
The tower is filled with aluminum rushing rings to create a contact surface, equipped with a shell-tube condenser and a reboiler with three heaters whose input power is three-phase.
Method of operation:
First, pour the input feed into the reboiler. Adjust and turn on the reboiler heater and set point, then open the condenser water input. The steam exiting the reboiler first enters the filled column, travels the length of the tower, enters the condenser at the top of the tower, and condenses in condensore. The resulting liquids then re-enter the tower in a complete reflux, travel the length of the tower, and enter the reboiler at the bottom of the tower.
The temperatures of the reboiler, the temperatures of top of the tower, the temperatures of water entering the condenser, and the temperatures of water leaving it can be measured. Thus, the amount of heat input, the heat load of the condenser, and the heat loss are obtained. With the temperature stabilized and as a result of reaching stable conditions, the liquid in the reboiler (the product at the bottom of the tower) and the liquid exiting the condenser (the product at the top of the tower) were sampled and their molar fractions were obtained. Through the McCabe method, the number of mass transfer stages and the length of the tower in the ideal state can be calculated.
4. Simple distillation apparatus and investigation of Rayleigh's relation
Glass apparatus for simple distillation of water-alcohol mixtures.
This glass apparatus has a primary feed tank equipped with a heater. At the top is a vertical tube-shell condenser. The vapors resulting from heating the feed enter the condenser, become liquid, and then enter the product collection container. With this apparatus, the Rayleigh integral relation can be investigated.
5. Liquid liquid extraction device
Consists of a packed column filled with Pall rings. With this device, propionic acid is separated from its mixture with trichloroethylene (organic phase). Water dissolves propionic acid in itself and separates it from the organic phase. Since water is insoluble in the organic phase, a two-phase liquid is created and the aqueous and organic phases are easily separated.
6. Liquid solid extraction device
The device has a vertical shell-and-tube condenser, a reboiler, and a chamber for placing soybeans for oil extraction.
The oil in soybeans is separated by pouring hexane solvent on the seeds.
The solvent used is hexane, which is first boiled inside the heater, evaporated, enters the condenser and becomes liquid, and after leaving the condenser, it is poured onto the crushed soybeans. The oil of the seeds is dissolved in hexane and returns to the reboiler with hexane. Repeating this process extracts soybean oil.
7. Rotary drying device
This device consists of a rotating cylindrical chamber into which wet seeds are poured and dried by blowing hot and dry air over it.
It includes a blower, heater, orifice meter, ....
The rotating cylindrical chamber is a drying chamber into which hot and hot air is introduced and the contents inside are dried. This chamber is driven by an electric motor. The incoming air is supplied through a blower and then heated by passing over an electric element, its flow rate is measured by an orifice meter and enters the dryer.
A certain weight of wheat is moistened and weighed again to determine the amount of water absorbed. Then it is placed in a dryer that has been prepared in advance by adjusting the air flow rate, turning on the heater, and adjusting the speed of the blades. The grains are dried to some extent inside the dryer and are removed from it. During the test, the transit time (the time it takes for a grain to travel the length of the dryer), feed rate (input feed flow rate), and hold up mass capacity of the device must be measured. After that, by reweighing the material removed from the dryer, the moisture content in the grains and the moisture removed from it can be obtained.
8. Ball mill
A rotating cylinder inside which are steel balls of different diameters.
This device is used to crush and powder materials.
